tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-21207252917047078622024-03-14T00:33:09.954-07:00CANCERUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger6125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2120725291704707862.post-37881714194882931852013-03-15T10:28:00.004-07:002013-03-15T10:28:52.824-07:00SKIN CANCER DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Skin cancers</b> (<b>neoplasms</b>) </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">are named after the type of skin cell from which they arise. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2120725291704707862" title="Basal cell cancer">Basal cell cancer</a> originates from the lowest layer of the <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2120725291704707862" title="Epidermis (skin)">epidermis</a>, and is the most common but least dangerous skin cancer. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2120725291704707862" title="Squamous cell cancer">Squamous cell cancer</a> originates from the middle layer, and is less common but more likely to spread and, if untreated, become fatal. <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2120725291704707862" title="Melanoma">Melanoma</a>, which originates in the pigment-producing cells (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2120725291704707862" title="Melanocytes">melanocytes</a>), is the least common, but most aggressive, most likely to spread and, if untreated, become fatal.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Merck_1-0"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Harrison.27s_2-0"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></sup>
Still, melanoma has one of the higher survival rates among major
cancer, with over 75% of patients surviving 10 years in the UK during
2005-2007<sup>.</sup></span></div>
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<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><sup><b> basal cell carcinoma?</b></sup></span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><sup><span style="font-size: small;">Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer and accounts for
more than 90% of all skin cancer in the U.S. These cancers almost never
spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. They can, however, cause damage
by growing and invading surrounding tissue. </span></sup></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>What are risk factors for developing basal cell carcinoma?</b></span></div>
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Light-colored skin, sun exposure, and age are all important factors in
the development of basal cell carcinomas. People who have fair skin and
are older have higher rates of basal cell carcinoma. About 20%
of these skin cancers, however, occur in areas that are not sun-exposed,
such as
the chest, back, arms, legs, and scalp. The face, however, remains the
most
common location for basal cell lesions. Weakening of the immune system,
whether
by disease or medication, can also promote the risk of developing basal
cell
carcinoma. Other risk factors include</span></div>
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</span></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>exposure to sun</b>. There is evidence that, in contrast to
squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma is promoted not by
accumulated sun exposure but by intermittent sun exposure like that
received during vacations, especially early in life. According to the
U.S. National Institutes of Health, ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the
sun is the main cause of skin cancer. The risk of developing skin
cancer is also affected by where a person lives. People who live in
areas that receive high levels of UV radiation from the sun are more
likely to develop skin cancer. In the United States, for example, skin
cancer is more common in Texas than it is in Minnesota, where the sun is
not as strong. Worldwide, the highest rates of skin cancer are found in
South Africa and Australia, which are areas that receive high amounts
of UV radiation.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>age</b>. Most skin cancers appear after age 50, but the sun's
damaging effects begin at an early age. Therefore, protection should
start in childhood in order to prevent skin cancer later in life.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>exposure to ultraviolet radiation</b> in tanning booths. Tanning booths are very popular, especially among adolescents, and
they even let people who live in cold climates radiate their skin year-round.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>therapeutic radiation</b>, such as that given for treating other forms of cancer.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>How is basal cell carcinoma diagnosed?</b></span></div>
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</span></div>
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To make a proper diagnosis, doctors usually remove all or part of the growth
by performing a biopsy. This usually involves taking a sample by injecting a
local anesthesia and scraping a small piece of skin. This method is referred to
as a shave biopsy. The skin that is removed is then examined under a microscope
to check for cancer cells.</span></div>
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</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>How is basal cell carcinoma treated?</b></span></div>
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</span></div>
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There are many ways to successfully treat a basal cell carcinoma with a good
chance of success of 90% or more. The doctor's main goal is to remove or destroy
the cancer completely with as small a <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2120725291704707862" rel="DT">scar</a> as possible. To plan the best
treatment for each patient, the doctor considers the location and size of the
cancer, the risk of scarring, and the person's age, general health, and medical
history.</span></div>
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<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline">Squamous cell carcinoma</span></span></h3>
<h3 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><span itemprop="alternativeHeadline"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Squamous cell carcinoma is cancer that begins in the squamous cells,
which are thin, flat cells that look like fish scales under the
microscope. The word
<i>squamous</i> came from the Latin
<i>squama</i>, meaning "the scale of a fish or serpent" because of the appearance of the cells.</span></span></span></h3>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>How is squamous cell carcinoma diagnosed?</b></span></div>
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</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
As with basal cell carcinoma, doctors usually
perform a biopsy to make a proper diagnosis. This involves taking a sample by injecting local anesthesia
and punching out a small piece of skin using a circular punch blade. Usually the
method used referred to as a <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2120725291704707862" rel="DICT">punch biopsy</a>. The skin that is removed is then
examined under a microscope to check for cancer cells.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>How is squamous cell carcinoma treated?</b></span></div>
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</span></div>
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Techniques for treating squamous cell carcinoma are similar to those for
basal cell carcinoma (for detailed descriptions, see above under treatment of
basal cell carcinoma):</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Curettage and desiccation</b>: Dermatologists often prefer this method, which
consists of scooping out the basal cell carcinoma by using a spoon like
instrument called a curette. Desiccation is the additional application of an
electric current to control bleeding and kill the remaining cancer cells. The
skin heals without stitching. This technique is best suited for small cancers in
non-crucial areas such as the trunk and extremities.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Surgical excision</b>: The tumor is cut out and stitched up.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Radiation therapy</b>: Doctors often use radiation treatments for skin cancer
occurring in areas that are difficult to treat with surgery. Obtaining a good
cosmetic result generally involves many treatment sessions, perhaps 25 to 30.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Cryosurgery</b>: Some doctors trained in this technique achieve good results
by freezing basal cell carcinomas. Typically, liquid nitrogen is applied to the
growth to freeze and kill the abnormal cells.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Mohs micrographic surgery</b>: Named for its pioneer, Dr. Frederic Mohs, this
technique of removing skin cancer is better termed, "microscopically
controlled excision." The surgeon meticulously removes a small piece of the
tumor and examines it under the microscope during surgery. This sequence of
cutting and microscopic examination is repeated in a painstaking fashion so that
the basal cell carcinoma can be mapped and taken out without having to estimate
or guess the width and depth of the lesion. This method removes as little of the
healthy normal tissue as possible. Cure rate is very high, exceeding 98%. Mohs
micrographic surgery is preferred for large basal cell carcinomas, those that
recur after previous treatment, or lesions affecting parts of the body where
experience shows that recurrence is common after treatment by other methods.
Such body parts include the scalp, forehead, ears, and the corners of the nose.
In cases where large amounts of tissue need to be removed, the Mohs surgeon
sometimes works with a plastic (reconstructive) surgeon to achieve the best
possible postsurgical appearance.</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>Medical therapy using creams</b> that attack cancer cells
(5-Fluorouracil--5-FU, Efudex, Fluoroplex) or stimulate the immune
system (Aldara). These are applied several times a week for several
weeks. They produce brisk inflammation and irritation. The advantages
of this method is that it avoids surgery, lets the patient perform
treatment at home, and may give a better cosmetic result. Disadvantages
include discomfort, which may be severe, and a lower cure rate, which
makes medical treatment unsuitable for treating most skin cancers on the
face.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">The possibility of metastasis makes it especially important to diagnose
squamous cell carcinomas early and treat them adequately.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><b>How is squamous cell carcinoma prevented?</b></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
Even more so than is the case with basal cell carcinoma, the key principles
of prevention are minimizing sun exposure and getting regular checkups.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">Common-sense preventive techniques are the same as for basal cell carcinoma
and include</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;">
</span></div>
<ul style="text-align: justify;">
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> limiting recreational sun exposure;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> avoiding unprotected exposure to the sun during peak
radiation times (the hours surrounding noon);</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> wearing broad-brimmed hats and tightly-woven protective
clothing while outdoors in the sun;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> regularly using a waterproof or water-resistant
sunscreen with UVA protection and SPF 30 or higher;</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"> undergoing regular checkups and bringing any suspicious-looking or
changing lesions to the attention of a doctor.</span></li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Verdana,sans-serif;"><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3"><span></span></sup></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2120725291704707862.post-43774230275854018082012-11-17T03:26:00.002-08:002012-11-17T03:26:36.377-08:00BRAIN CANCER<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="meta-content" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h1 ref="log$=header_h1" style="border: 0px; color: #14376c; font-size: 1.3846em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="title" style="border: 0px; font-size: 18px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Brain tumor - primary - adults</span></h1>
<div class="subtitle" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; font: inherit; margin: -0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Glioblastoma multiforme - adults; Ependymoma - adults; Glioma - adults; Astrocytoma - adults; Medulloblastoma - adults; Neuroglioma - adults; Oligodendroglioma - adults; Lymphoma - adults; Vestibular schwannoma (acoustic neuroma) - adults; Meningioma - adults; Cancer - brain tumor (adults)</div>
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<div class="body-content whole_rhythm" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; line-height: 17px; margin: 1.3846em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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A primary brain tumor is a group (mass) of abnormal cells that start in the brain. This article focuses on primary brain tumors in adults.</div>
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See also:</div>
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Brain tumor - metastatic (cancer that has spread to the brain from elsewhere in the body)</div>
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Brain tumor - children</div>
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</ul>
<div id="adam_007222.disease.causes" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Causes, incidence, and risk factors</h2>
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Primary brain tumors include any tumor that starts in the brain. Primary brain tumors can start from brain cells, the membranes around the brain (meninges), nerves, or glands.</div>
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Tumors can directly destroy brain cells. They can also damage cells by producing inflammation, placing pressure on other parts of the brain, and increasing pressure within the skull.</div>
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The cause of primary brain tumors is unknown. There are many possible risk factors that could play a role.</div>
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Radiation therapy to the brain, used to treat brain cancers, increases the risk for brain tumors up to 20 or 30 years afterwards.</div>
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Exposure to radiation at work or to power lines, as well as head injuries, smoking, and hormone replacement therapy have NOT been proven to be risk factors.</div>
</li>
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The risk of using cell phones is hotly debated. However, most recent studies have found that cell phones, cordless phones, and wireless devices are safe and do not increase the risk.</div>
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Some inherited conditions increase the risk of brain tumors, including neurofibromatosis, Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome, Li-Fraumeni syndrome, and Turcot syndrome.</div>
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Lymphomas that begin in the brain in people with a weakened immune system are sometimes linked to the Epstein-Barr virus. </div>
</li>
</ul>
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SPECIFIC TUMOR TYPES</div>
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Brain tumors are classified depending on:</div>
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The location of the tumor</div>
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The type of tissue involved</div>
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Whether they are noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant)</div>
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Other factors</div>
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Sometimes, tumors that start out less aggressive can become more aggrssive.</div>
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Tumors may occur at any age, but many types of tumors are most common in a certain age group. In adults, gliomas and meningiomas are most common.</div>
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Gliomas come from glial cells such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells. The gliomas are divided into three types:</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Astrocytic tumors</b> include astrocytomas (can be noncancerous), anaplastic astrocytomas, and glioblastomas.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Oligodendroglial tumors</b>. Some primary brain tumors are made up of both astrocytic and oligodendrocytic tumors. These are called mixed gliomas.</div>
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<b style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Glioblastomas</b> are the most aggressive type of primary brain tumor.</div>
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</ul>
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Meningiomas and schwannomas are two other types of brain tumor. These tumors:</div>
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Occur most often between ages 40 and 70</div>
</li>
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Are usually noncancerous, but still may cause serious complications and death from their size or location. Some are cancerous and aggressive.</div>
</li>
</ul>
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Meningiomas are much more common in women. Schwannomas affect both genders equally.</div>
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Other primary brain tumors in adults are rare. These include:</div>
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Ependymomas</div>
</li>
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Craniopharyngiomas</div>
</li>
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Pituitary tumors</div>
</li>
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Primary CNS lymphoma</div>
</li>
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Primary lymphoma of the brain</div>
</li>
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Pineal gland tumors</div>
</li>
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Primary germ cell tumors of the brain</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="adam_007222.disease.symptoms" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Symptoms</h2>
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Some tumors may not cause symptoms until they are very large. Then they can quickly damage a person's health. Other tumors have symptoms that develop slowly.</div>
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The symptoms depend on the tumor's size, location, how far it has spread, and whether there is swelling. The most common symptoms are:</div>
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Changes in the person's mental function</div>
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Headaches</div>
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Seizures (especially in older adults)</div>
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Weakness in one part of the body</div>
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</ul>
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Headaches caused by brain tumors may:</div>
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Be worse when the person wakes up in the morning, and clear up in a few hours</div>
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Occur during sleep</div>
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Occur with vomiting, confusion, double vision, weakness, or numbness</div>
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Get worse with coughing or exercise, or with a change in body position</div>
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</ul>
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Other symptoms may include:</div>
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Change in alertness (including sleepiness, unconsciousness, and coma)</div>
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Changes in hearing</div>
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Changes in taste or smell</div>
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Changes that affect touch and the ability to feel pain, pressure, different temperatures, or other stimuli</div>
</li>
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Clumsiness</div>
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Confusion or memory loss</div>
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Difficulty swallowing</div>
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Difficulty writing or reading</div>
</li>
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Dizziness or abnormal sensation of movement (vertigo)</div>
</li>
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Eye problems</div>
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Eyelid drooping</div>
</li>
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Pupils of different sizes</div>
</li>
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Uncontrollable movements</div>
</li>
</ul>
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</div>
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Hand tremor</div>
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Lack of control over the bladder or bowels</div>
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Loss of balance</div>
</li>
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Loss of coordination</div>
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Muscle weakness in the face, arm, or leg (usually on just one side)</div>
</li>
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Numbness or tingling on one side of the body</div>
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Personality, mood, behavior, or emotional changes</div>
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Problems with eyesight, including decreased vision, double vision, or total loss of vision</div>
</li>
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Trouble speaking or understanding others who are speaking</div>
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Trouble walking</div>
</li>
</ul>
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Other symptoms that may occur with a pituitary tumor:</div>
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Abnormal nipple discharge</div>
</li>
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Absent menstruation (periods)</div>
</li>
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Breast development in men</div>
</li>
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Enlarged hands, feet</div>
</li>
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Excessive body hair</div>
</li>
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Facial changes</div>
</li>
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Low blood pressure</div>
</li>
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Obesity</div>
</li>
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Sensitivity to heat or cold</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="adam_007222.disease.signs-and-tests" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Signs and tests</h2>
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Most brain tumors increase pressure in the skull and press on brain tissue because of their size and weight.</div>
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The following tests may confirm the presence of a brain tumor and find its location:</div>
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CT scan of the head</div>
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EEG</div>
</li>
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Examination of tissue removed from the tumor during surgery or CT-guided biopsy (may confirm the type of tumor)</div>
</li>
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Examination of the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) (may show cancerous cells)</div>
</li>
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MRI of the head</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="adam_007222.disease.treatment" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Treatment</h2>
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Treatment can involve surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Brain tumors are best treated by a team that includes: </div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Neuro-oncologist</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Neurosurgeon</div>
</li>
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Oncologist</div>
</li>
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Radiation oncologist</div>
</li>
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Other health care providers, such as neurologists and social workers</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Early treatment often improves the chance of a good outcome. How you are treated depends on the size and type of tumor and your general health. The goals of treatment may be to cure the tumor, relieve symptoms, and improve brain function or comfort.</div>
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Surgery is often needed for most primary brain tumors. Some tumors may be completely removed. Those that are deep inside the brain or that enter brain tissue may be debulked instead of removed. Debulking is a procedure to reduce the tumor's size.</div>
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Tumors can be hard to remove completely by surgery alone, because the tumor invades surrounding brain tissue much like roots from a plant spread through soil. When the tumor cannot be removed, surgery may still help reduce pressure and relieve symptoms.</div>
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Radiation therapy is used for certain tumors.</div>
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Chemotherapy may be used with surgery or radiation treatment.</div>
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Other medications used to treat primary brain tumors in children may include:</div>
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Corticosteroids, such as dexamethasone, to reduce brain swelling</div>
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Medicines such as urea or mannitol to reduce brain swelling and pressure</div>
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Anticonvulsants, such as evetiracetam (Keppra), to reduce seizures</div>
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Pain medications</div>
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Antacids or histamine blockers to control stress ulcers</div>
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Comfort measures, safety measures, physical therapy, and occupational therapy may be needed to improve quality of life. Counseling, support groups, and similar measures can help people cope with the disorder.</div>
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You may consider enrolling in a clinical trial after talking with your treatment team.</div>
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Legal advice may be helpful for creating advanced directives such as a power of attorney.</div>
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Support Groups</h2>
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For additional information, see cancer resources.</div>
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Complications</h2>
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Brain herniation (often fatal)</div>
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Uncal herniation</div>
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Foramen magnum herniation</div>
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</div>
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Loss of ability to interact or function</div>
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Permanent, worsening, and severe loss of brain function</div>
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Return of tumor growth</div>
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Side effects of medications, including chemotherapy</div>
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Side effects of radiation treatments</div>
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Calling your health care provider</h2>
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Call your health care provider if you develop any new, persistent headaches or other symptoms of a brain tumor.</div>
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Call your provider or go to the emergency room if you start having seizures, or suddenly develop <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/n/pmh_adam/A003202/" style="border: 0px; color: #642a8f; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">stupor</a> (reduced alertness), vision changes, or speech changes.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2120725291704707862.post-1345546410790978922012-11-17T03:22:00.005-08:002012-11-17T03:22:48.876-08:00COLON CANCER<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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Colorectal cancer; Cancer - colon; Rectal cancer; Cancer - rectum; Adenocarcinoma - colon; Colon - adenocarcinoma</div>
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Colon, or colorectal, cancer is cancer that starts in the large intestine (colon) or the rectum (end of the colon).</div>
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Other types of cancer can affect the colon, such as lymphoma, carcinoid tumors, melanoma, and sarcomas. These are rare. In this article, use of the term "colon cancer" refers to colon carcinoma only.</div>
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Causes, incidence, and risk factors</h2>
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According to the American Cancer Society, colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the United States. However, early diagnosis can often lead to a complete cure.</div>
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Almost all colon cancer starts in glands in the lining of the colon and rectum. When doctors talk about colorectal cancer, this is usually what they are talking about.</div>
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There is no single cause of colon cancer. Nearly all colon cancers begin as noncancerous (benign) polyps, which slowly develop into cancer.</div>
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You have a higher risk for colon cancer if you:</div>
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Are older than 60</div>
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Are African American of eastern European descent</div>
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Eat a diet high in red or processed meats</div>
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Have cancer elsewhere in the body</div>
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Have colorectal polyps</div>
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Have inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis)</div>
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Have a family history of colon cancer</div>
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Have a personal history of breast cancer</div>
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Certain genetic syndromes also increase the risk of developing colon cancer. Two of the most common are:</div>
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Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)</div>
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Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), also known as Lynch syndrome</div>
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What you eat may play a role in your risk of colon cancer. Colon cancer may be associated with a high-fat, low-fiber diet and red meat. However, some studies have found that the risk does not drop if you switch to a high-fiber diet, so this link is not yet clear.</div>
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Smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol are other risk factors for colorectal cancer.</div>
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Symptoms</h2>
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Many cases of colon cancer have no symptoms. The following symptoms, however, may indicate colon cancer:</div>
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Abdominal pain and tenderness in the lower abdomen</div>
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Blood in the stool</div>
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Diarrhea, constipation, or other change in bowel habits</div>
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Narrow stools</div>
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Weight loss with no known reason</div>
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Signs and tests</h2>
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With proper screening, colon cancer can be detected before symptoms develop, when it is most curable.</div>
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Your doctor will perform a physical exam and press on your belly area. The physical exam rarely shows any problems, although the doctor may feel a lump (mass) in the abdomen. A rectal exam may reveal a mass in patients with rectal cancer, but not colon cancer.</div>
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A fecal occult blood test (FOBT) may detect small amounts of blood in the stool, which could suggest colon cancer. However, this test is often negative in patients with colon cancer. For this reason, a FOBT must be done along with colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy. It is also important to note that a positive FOBT doesn't necessarily mean you have cancer.</div>
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Imaging tests to screen for and potentially diagnose colorectal cancer include:</div>
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Colonoscopy</div>
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Sigmoidoscopy</div>
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Note: Only colonoscopy can see the entire colon, and this is the best screening test for colon cancer.</div>
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Blood tests that may be done include:</div>
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Complete blood count (CBC) to check for anemia</div>
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Liver function tests</div>
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If your doctor learns that you do have colorectal cancer, more tests will be done to see if the cancer has spread. This is called staging. CT or MRI scans of the abdomen, pelvic area, chest, or brain may be used to stage the cancer. Sometimes, PET scans are also used.</div>
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Stages of colon cancer are:</div>
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Stage 0: Very early cancer on the innermost layer of the intestine</div>
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Stage I: Cancer is in the inner layers of the colon</div>
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Stage II: Cancer has spread through the muscle wall of the colon</div>
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Stage III: Cancer has spread to the lymph nodes</div>
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Stage IV: Cancer has spread to other organs</div>
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Blood tests to detect tumor markers, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and CA 19-9, may help your physician follow you during and after treatment.</div>
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Treatment</h2>
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Treatment depends on many things, including the stage of the cancer. In general, treatments may include:</div>
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Surgery (most often a colectomy) to remove cancer cells</div>
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Chemotherapy to kill cancer cells</div>
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Radiation therapy to destroy cancerous tissue</div>
</li>
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SURGERY</div>
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Stage 0 colon cancer may be treated by removing the cancer cells, often during a colonoscopy. For stages I, II, and III cancer, more extensive surgery is needed to remove the part of the colon that is cancerous. (See: Colon resection)</div>
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CHEMOTHERAPY</div>
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Almost all patients with stage III colon cancer should receive chemotherapy after surgery for approximately 6 - 8 months. This is called adjuvant chemotherapy. The chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil has been shown to increase the chance of a cure in certain patients.</div>
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Chemotherapy is also used to improve symptoms and prolong survival in patients with stage IV colon cancer.</div>
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Irinotecan, oxaliplatin, capecitabine, and 5-fluorouracil are the three most commonly used drugs.</div>
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Monoclonal antibodies, including cetuximab (Erbitux), panitumumab (Vectibix), bevacizumab (Avastin), and other drugs have been used alone or in combination with chemotherapy.</div>
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</ul>
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You may receive just one type, or a combination of these drugs. There is some debate as to whether patients with stage II colon cancer should receive chemotherapy after surgery. You should discuss this with your oncologist.</div>
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RADIATION</div>
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Although radiation therapy is occasionally used in patients with colon cancer, it is usually used in combination with chemotherapy for patients with stage III rectal cancer.</div>
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For patients with stage IV disease that has spread to the liver, various treatments directed specifically at the liver can be used. This may include:</div>
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Burning the cancer (ablation)</div>
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Delivering chemotherapy or radiation directly into the liver</div>
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Freezing the cancer (cryotherapy)</div>
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Surgery</div>
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Support Groups</h2>
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For additional resources and information, see: Colon cancer support groups.</div>
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Expectations (prognosis)</h2>
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Colon cancer is, in many cases, a treatable disease if it is caught early.</div>
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How well you do depends on many things, especially the stage of the cancer. In general, when treated at an early stage, many patients survive at least 5 years after their diagnosis. (This is called the 5-year survival rate.)</div>
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If the colon cancer does not come back (recur) within 5 years, it is considered cured. Stage I, II, and III cancers are considered potentially curable. In most cases, stage IV cancer is not considered curable, although there are exceptions.</div>
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Complications</h2>
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Blockage of the colon</div>
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Cancer returning in the colon</div>
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Cancer spreading to other organs or tissues (metastasis)</div>
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Development of a second primary colorectal cancer</div>
</li>
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Calling your health care provider</h2>
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Call your health care provider if you have:</div>
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Black, tar-like stools</div>
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Blood during a bowel movement</div>
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Change in bowel habits</div>
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Unexplained weight loss</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
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Prevention</h2>
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The death rate for colon cancer has dropped in the last 15 years. This may be due to increased awareness and screening by colonoscopy.</div>
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Colon cancer can almost always be caught by colonoscopy in its earliest and most curable stages. Almost all men and women age 50 and older should have a colon cancer screening. Patients at risk may need earlier screening.</div>
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Colon cancer screening can often find polyps before they become cancerous. Removing these polyps may prevent colon cancer.</div>
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For information, see:</div>
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Colon cancer screening</div>
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Colonoscopy</div>
</li>
</ul>
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Changing your diet and lifestyle is important. Some evidence suggests that low-fat and high-fiber diets may reduce your risk of colon cancer.</div>
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Some studies have reported that NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, celecoxib) may help reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. However, these medicines can increase your risk for bleeding and heart problems. Most expert organizations do not recommend that most people take these medicines to prevent colon cancer. Talk to your health care provider about this issue.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2120725291704707862.post-68941376986942535162012-11-14T11:59:00.003-08:002012-11-14T11:59:51.491-08:00LUNG CANCER<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<h1 style="border: 0px; color: #14376c; font-size: 1.3846em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="title" style="border: 0px; font-size: 18px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lung cancer - small cell</span></h1>
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Cancer - lung - small cell; Small cell lung cancer; SCLC</div>
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Last reviewed: August 24, 2011.</div>
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Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a fast-growing type of lung cancer. It spreads much more quickly than non-small cell lung cancer.</div>
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There are two different types of SCLC:</div>
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Small cell carcinoma (oat cell cancer)</div>
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Combined small cell carcinoma</div>
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Most SCLCs are of the oat cell type.</div>
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Causes, incidence, and risk factors</h2>
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About 15% of all lung cancer cases are SCLC. Small cell lung cancer is slightly more common in men than women.</div>
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Almost all cases of SCLC are due to cigarette smoking. SCLC is rare in people who have never smoked.</div>
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SCLC is the most aggressive form of lung cancer. It usually starts in the breathing tubes (bronchi) in the center of the chest. Although the cancer cells are small, they grow very quickly and create large tumors. These tumors often spread rapidly (metastasize) to other parts of the body, including the brain, liver, and bone.</div>
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Symptoms</h2>
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Bloody sputum (phlegm)</div>
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Chest pain</div>
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Cough</div>
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Loss of appetite</div>
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Shortness of breath</div>
</li>
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Weight loss</div>
</li>
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Wheezing</div>
</li>
</ul>
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Other symptoms that may occur with this disease:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Facial swelling</div>
</li>
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Fever</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Hoarseness or changing voice</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Swallowing difficulty</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Weakness</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="adam_000122.disease.signs-and-tests" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Signs and tests</h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Your health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your medical history. You will be asked whether you smoke, and if so, how much and for how long you have smoked.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
When listening to your chest with a stethoscope, your health care provider can sometimes hear fluid around the lungs or areas where the lung has partially collapsed. Each of these findings could (but does not always) suggest cancer.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
SCLC has usually spread to other parts of your body by the time it is diagnosed.</div>
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Tests that may be performed include:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Bone scan</div>
</li>
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Chest x-ray</div>
</li>
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Complete blood count (CBC)</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
CT scan</div>
</li>
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Liver function tests</div>
</li>
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MRI</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Positron emission tomography (PET) scan</div>
</li>
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Sputum test (cytology, looking for cancer cells)</div>
</li>
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Thoracentesis (removal of fluid from the chest cavity around the lungs)</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
In most cases, your health care provider may need to remove a piece of tissue from your lungs or other areas to be examined under a microscope. This is called a biopsy. There are several ways to do a biopsy:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Bronchoscopy combined with biopsy</div>
</li>
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CT scan-directed needle biopsy</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Endoscopic esophageal ultrasound (EUS) with biopsy</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Mediastinoscopy with biopsy</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Open lung biopsy</div>
</li>
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Pleural biopsy</div>
</li>
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Video-assisted thoracoscopy</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Usually if a biopsy shows cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer. (Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread.) SCLC is classified as either:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Limited (cancer is only in the chest and can be treated with radiation therapy)</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest)</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="adam_000122.disease.treatment" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Treatment</h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Because SCLC spreads quickly throughout the body, treatment must include cancer-killing drugs (chemotherapy) taken by mouth or injected into the body. Usually, the chemotherapy drug etoposide (or sometimes irinotecan) is combined with either cisplatin or carboplatin.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with SCLC that has spread throughout the body. However, the treatment only helps relieve symptoms. It does not cure the disease.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Radiation therapy uses powerful x-rays or other forms of radiation to kill cancer cells. Radiation therapy can be used with chemotherapy if surgery is not possible. Radiation may be used to:</div>
<ul style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.6923em 1em 0.6923em 2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Treat the cancer, along with chemotherapy, if surgery is not possible</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Help relieve symptoms caused by the cancer, such as breathing problems and swelling</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Help relieve cancer pain when the cancer has spread to the bones</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Often, SCLC may have already spread to the brain, even when there are no symptoms or other signs of cancer in the brain. As a result, some patients with smaller cancers, or who had a good response in their first round of chemotherapy may receive radiation therapy to the brain. This method is called prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI).</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Surgery helps very few patients with SCLC because the disease has often spread by the time it is diagnosed. Surgery may be done when there is only one tumor that has not spread. If surgery is done, chemotherapy orradiation therapy will still be needed.</div>
</div>
<div id="adam_000122.disease.support-groups" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Support Groups</h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
For additional information and resources, see cancer support group.</div>
</div>
<div id="adam_000122.disease.prognosis" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Expectations (prognosis)</h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
How well you do depends on how much the lung cancer has spread. This type of cancer is very deadly. Only about 6% of people with this type of cancer are still alive 5 years after diagnosis.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Treatment can often prolong life for 6 - 12 months, even when the cancer has spread.</div>
</div>
<div id="adam_000122.disease.complications" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Complications</h2>
<ul style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.6923em 1em 0.6923em 2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Cancer spreads to other parts of the body</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Side effects of surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="adam_000122.disease.calling-your-doctor" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Calling your health care provider</h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of lung cancer (particularly if you smoke).</div>
</div>
<div id="adam_000122.disease.prevention" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Prevention</h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
If you smoke, stop smoking. It's never too late to quit. In addition, you should try to avoid secondhand smoke.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2120725291704707862.post-27605549350022028172012-11-14T11:56:00.004-08:002012-11-14T11:56:58.563-08:00PROSTATE CANCER<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="meta-content" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h1 style="border: 0px; color: #14376c; font-size: 1.3846em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="title" style="border: 0px; font-size: 18px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Prostate cancer</span></h1>
<div class="subtitle" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; font: inherit; margin: -0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Cancer - prostate; Biopsy - prostate; Prostate biopsy; Gleason score</div>
<div class="small" style="border: 0px; font-size: 0.8461em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.6363em; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Last reviewed: September 19, 2011.</div>
</div>
<div class="body-content whole_rhythm" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; line-height: 17px; margin: 1.3846em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Prostate cancer is cancer that starts in the prostate gland. The prostate is a small, walnut-sized structure that makes up part of a man's reproductive system. It wraps around the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body.</div>
<div id="adam_000380.disease.causes" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Causes, incidence, and risk factors</h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Prostate cancer is the most common cause of death from cancer in men over age 75. Prostate cancer is rarely found in men younger than 40.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
People who are at higher risk include:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
African-American men, who are also likely to develop cancer at every age</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Men who are older than 60</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Men who have a father or brother with prostate cancer</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Other people at risk include:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Men who have been around agent orange</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Men who use too much alcohol</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Farmers</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Men who eat a diet high in fat, especially animal fat</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Tire plant workers</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Painters</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Men who have been around cadmium</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Prostate cancer is less common in people who do not eat meat (vegetarians).</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
A common problem in almost all men as they grow older is an enlarged prostate. This is called benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH. It does not raise your risk of prostate cancer. However, it can increase your PSA blood test results.</div>
</div>
<div id="adam_000380.disease.symptoms" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Symptoms</h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The PSA blood test is often done to screen men for prostate cancer. Because of PSA testing, most prostate cancers are now found before they cause any symptoms.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The symptoms listed below can occur with prostate cancer, usually at a late stage. These symptoms can also be caused by other prostate problems:</div>
<ul style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.6923em 1em 0.6923em 2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Delayed or slowed start of urinary stream</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Dribbling or leakage of urine, most often after urinating</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Slow urinary stream</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Straining when urinating, or not being able to empty out all of the urine</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Blood in the urine or semen</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Bone pain or tenderness, most often in the lower back and pelvic bones (only when the cancer has spread)</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="adam_000380.disease.signs-and-tests" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Signs and tests</h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
A biopsy is needed to tell if you have prostate cancer. A sample of tissue is removed from the prostate and sent to a lab.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Your doctor may recommend a prostate biopsy if:</div>
<ul style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.6923em 1em 0.6923em 2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
You have high PSA level</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
A rectal exam shows a large prostate or a hard, uneven surface</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The results are reported using what is called a Gleason grade and a Gleason score.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The Gleason grade tells you how fast the cancer might spread. It grades tumors on a scale of 1 - 5. You may have different grades of cancer in one biopsy sample. The two main grades are added together. This gives you the Gleason score. The higher your Gleason score, the more likely the cancer is to have spread past the prostate:</div>
<ul style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.6923em 1em 0.6923em 2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Scores 2 - 5: Low-grade prostate cancer</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Scores 6 - 7: Intermediate- (or in the middle-) grade cancer. Most prostate cancers fall into this group.</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Scores 8 - 10: High-grade cancer</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The following tests may be done to determine whether the cancer has spread:</div>
<ul style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.6923em 1em 0.6923em 2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
CT scan</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Bone scan</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The PSA blood test will also be used to monitor your cancer after treatment. Often, PSA levels will begin to rise before there are any symptoms. An abnormal digital rectal exam may be the only sign of prostate cancer (even if the PSA is normal).</div>
</div>
<div id="adam_000380.disease.treatment" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Treatment</h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Treatment depends on many things, including your Gleason score and your overall health. Your doctor will discuss your treatment options.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
For early-stage prostate cancer, this may include:</div>
<ul style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.6923em 1em 0.6923em 2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Surgery (radical prostatectomy)</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Radiation therapy, including brachytherapy and proton therapy</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
If you are older, your doctor may recommend simply monitoring the cancer with PSA tests and biopsies.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
If the prostate cancer has spread, treatment may include:</div>
<ul style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.6923em 1em 0.6923em 2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Hormone therapy (medicines to reduce testosterone levels)</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Surgery</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Chemotherapy</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Surgery, radiation therapy, and hormone therapy can affect your sexual desire or performance. Problems with urine control are common after surgery and radiation therapy. Discuss your concerns with your health care provider.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
After treatment for prostate cancer, you will be closely watched to make sure the cancer does not spread. This involves routine doctor check-ups, including PSA blood tests (usually every 3 months to 1 year).</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
See also:</div>
<ul style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.6923em 1em 0.6923em 2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Prostate cancer - stages</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Prostate radiation - discharge</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="adam_000380.disease.support-groups" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Support Groups</h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
You can ease the stress of illness by joining a support group whose members share common experiences and problems. See: Support group - prostate cancer</div>
</div>
<div id="adam_000380.disease.prognosis" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Expectations (prognosis)</h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
How well you do depends on whether the cancer has spread outside the prostate gland and how abnormal the cancer cells are (the Gleason score) when you are diagnosed.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Many patients can be cured if their prostate cancer has not spread. Some patients whose cancer has not spread very much outside the prostate gland can also be cured.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Hormone treatment can improve survival, even in patients who cannot be cured.</div>
</div>
<div id="adam_000380.disease.complications" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Complications</h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The complications of prostate cancer are mostly due to different treatments.</div>
</div>
<div id="adam_000380.disease.calling-your-doctor" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Calling your health care provider</h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages to PSA screening with your health care provider.</div>
</div>
<div id="adam_000380.disease.prevention" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Prevention</h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
You may lower your risk of prostate cancer by eating a diet that is:</div>
<ul style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.6923em 1em 0.6923em 2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
High in omega-3 fatty acids</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Low-fat</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Similar to the traditional Japanese diet</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Vegetarian</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Finasteride (Proscar, generic) and dutasteride (Avodart) are drugs used to treat prostate enlargement (benign prostatic hyperplasia, or BPH). If you do not have prostate cancer and your PSA score is 3.0 or lower, ask your health care provider about the pros and cons of taking these drugs to prevent prostate cancer.</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2120725291704707862.post-71189953442060039172012-11-14T11:54:00.001-08:002012-11-14T11:54:18.197-08:00CANCER<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<div class="meta-content" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; line-height: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h1 style="border: 0px; color: #14376c; font-size: 1.3846em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin: 1em 0px 0.5em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span class="title" style="border: 0px; font-size: 18px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cancer</span></h1>
<div class="subtitle" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; font: inherit; margin: -0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Carcinoma; Malignant tumor</div>
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<div class="body-content whole_rhythm" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; font-family: arial, helvetica, clean, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; line-height: 17px; margin: 1.3846em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Cancerous cells are also called malignant cells.</div>
<div id="adam_001289.disease.causes" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
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Causes, incidence, and risk factors</h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Cancer grows out of normal cells in the body. Normal cells multiply when the body needs them, and die when the body doesn't need them. Cancer appears to occur when the growth of cells in the body is out of control and cells divide too quickly. It can also occur when cells forget how to die.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
There are many different kinds of cancer. Cancer can develop in almost any organ or tissue, such as the lung, colon, breast, skin, bones, or nerve tissue.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
There are many causes of cancer, including:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Benzene and other chemicals</div>
</li>
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Drinking excess alcohol</div>
</li>
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Environmental toxins, such as certain poisonous mushrooms and a type of poison that can grow on peanut plants (aflatoxins)</div>
</li>
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Excessive sunlight exposure</div>
</li>
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Genetic problems</div>
</li>
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Obesity</div>
</li>
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Radiation</div>
</li>
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Viruses</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
However, the cause of many cancers remains unknown.</div>
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The most common cause of cancer-related death is lung cancer.</div>
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The three most common cancers in men in the United States are:</div>
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Prostate cancer</div>
</li>
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Lung cancer</div>
</li>
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Colon cancer</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
In women in the United States, the three most common cancers are:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Breast cancer</div>
</li>
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Colon cancer</div>
</li>
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Lung cancer</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Some cancers are more common in certain parts of the world. For example, in Japan, there are many cases ofstomach cancer, but in the United States, this type of cancer is unusual. Differences in diet or environmental factors may play a role.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Some other types of cancers include:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Brain cancer</div>
</li>
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Cervical cancer</div>
</li>
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Hodgkin's lymphoma</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Kidney cancer</div>
</li>
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Leukemia</div>
</li>
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Liver cancer</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Ovarian cancer</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Skin cancer</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Testicular cancer</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Thyroid cancer</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Uterine cancer</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="adam_001289.disease.symptoms" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Symptoms</h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Symptoms of cancer depend on the type and location of the cancer. For example, lung cancer can causecoughing, shortness of breath, or chest pain. Colon cancer often causes diarrhea, constipation, and blood in the stool.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Some cancers may not have any symptoms at all. In certain cancers, such as pancreatic cancer, symptoms often do not start until the disease has reached an advanced stage.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The following symptoms can occur with most cancers:</div>
<ul style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; list-style-image: initial; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0.6923em 1em 0.6923em 2em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Chills</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Fatigue</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Fever</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Loss of appetite</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Malaise</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Night sweats</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Weight loss</div>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="adam_001289.disease.signs-and-tests" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Signs and tests</h2>
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Like symptoms, the signs of cancer vary based on the type and location of the tumor. Common tests include the following:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Biopsy of the tumor</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Blood tests (which look for chemicals such as tumor markers)</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Bone marrow biopsy (for lymphoma or leukemia)</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Chest x-ray</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Complete blood count (CBC)</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
CT scan</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Liver function tests</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
MRI scan</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Most cancers are diagnosed by biopsy. Depending on the location of the tumor, the biopsy may be a simple procedure or a serious operation. Most patients with cancer have CT scans to determine the exact location and size of the tumor or tumors.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
A cancer diagnosis is difficult to cope with. It is important, however, that you discuss the type, size, and location of the cancer with your doctor when you are diagnosed. You also will want to ask about treatment options, along with their benefits and risks.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
It's a good idea to have someone with you at the doctor's office to help you get through the diagnosis. If you have trouble asking questions after hearing about your diagnosis, the person you bring with you can ask them for you.</div>
</div>
<div id="adam_001289.disease.treatment" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Treatment</h2>
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Treatment varies based on the type of cancer and its stage. The stage of a cancer refers to how much it has grown and whether the tumor has spread from its original location.</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
If the cancer is confined to one location and has not spread, the most common treatment approach is surgery to cure the cancer. This is often the case with skin cancers, as well as cancers of the lung, breast, and colon.</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
If the tumor has spread to local lymph nodes only, sometimes these can be removed.</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
If surgery cannot remove all of the cancer, the options for treatment include radiation, chemotherapy, or both. Some cancers require a combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Lymphoma, or cancer of the lymph glands, is rarely treated with surgery. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are most often used to treat lymphoma.</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Although treatment for cancer can be difficult, there are many ways to keep up your strength.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
If you have radiation treatment, know that:</div>
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<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Radiation treatment is painless.</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Treatment is usually scheduled every weekday.</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
You should allow 30 minutes for each treatment session, although the treatment itself usually takes only a few minutes.</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
You should get plenty of rest and eat a well-balanced diet during the course of your radiation therapy.</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Skin in the treated area may become sensitive and easily irritated.</div>
</li>
<li style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Side effects of radiation treatment are usually temporary. They vary depending on the area of the body that is being treated.</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
If you are going through chemotherapy, you should eat right. Chemotherapy causes your immune system to weaken, so you should avoid people with colds or the flu. You should also get plenty of rest, and don't feel as though you have to accomplish tasks all at once.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
It will help you to talk with family, friends, or a support group about your feelings. Work with your health care providers throughout your treatment. Helping yourself can make you feel more in control.</div>
</div>
<div id="adam_001289.disease.support-groups" style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<h2 style="border-bottom-color: rgb(151, 176, 200); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #985735; font-size: 1.2307em; font: inherit; line-height: 1.125; margin: 1.125em 0px 0.5625em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
Support Groups</h2>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
The diagnosis and treatment of cancer often causes a lot of anxiety and can affect a person's entire life. There are many resources for cancer patients.</div>
<div style="border: 0px; font-size: 13px; font: inherit; margin-bottom: 0.6923em; margin-top: 0.6923em; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
See: Cancer resources</div>
</div>
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Expectations (prognosis)</h2>
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The outlook depends on the type of cancer and the stage of the cancerr when diagnosed. </div>
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Some cancers can be cured. Other cancers that are not curable can still be treated effectively. Some patients can live for many years with cancer. Other tumors are quickly life threatening.</div>
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Complications</h2>
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Complications depend on the type and stage of cancer. The cancer may spread.</div>
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Calling your health care provider</h2>
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Contact your health care provider if you develop symptoms of cancer.</div>
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Prevention</h2>
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You can reduce the risk of getting a cancerous (malignant) tumor by:</div>
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Eating a healthy diet</div>
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Exercising regularly</div>
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Limiting alcohol</div>
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Maintaining a healthy weight</div>
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Minimizing your exposure to radiation and toxic chemicals</div>
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Not smoking or chewing tobacco</div>
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Reducing sun exposure, especially if you burn easily</div>
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Cancer screenings, such as mammography and breast examination for breast cancer and colonoscopy for colon cancer, may help catch these cancers at their early stages when they are most treatable. Some people at high risk for developing certain cancers can take medication to reduce their risk.</div>
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